banner



Home  ›  Is The Black Panther An Endangered Animal

Is The Black Panther An Endangered Animal

Written By Wednesday 15 June 2022 Add Comment Edit

Variant of leopard and jaguar

A black panther is the melanistic colour variant of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and the jaguar (Panthera onca). Black panthers of both species accept excess black pigments, but their typical rosettes are also present. They have been documented mostly in tropical forests, with black leopards in Kenya, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Java, and black jaguars of the Americas in Mexico, Panama, Republic of costa rica and Paraguay. Melanism is caused by a recessive allele in the leopard, and by a dominant allele in the jaguar.

Leopard [edit]

In 1788, Jean-Claude Delamétherie described a black leopard that was kept in the Tower of London and had been brought from Bengal.[1] In 1794, Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer proposed the scientific name Felis fusca for this cat, the Indian leopard (P. p. fusca).[2] [3] In 1809, Georges Cuvier described a blackness leopard kept in the Ménagerie du Jardin des plantes that had been brought from Java. Cuvier proposed the proper name Felis melas, the Javan leopard (P. p. melas).[4] [three] Past the tardily 19th century, the occurrence of blackness and spotted leopard cubs in the aforementioned litter had been repeatedly recorded in India. Black leopards were thought to exist more common in Travancore and in the hills of southern India than in other parts of the country.[5] Black leopards were also frequently encountered in southern Myanmar.[half-dozen] By 1929, the Natural History Museum, London had skins of black leopards collected in South Africa, Nepal, Assam and Kanara in India.[vii] Blackness leopards were idea to be common on the Malay Peninsula and on Java.[viii]

A black African leopard (P. p. pardus) was sighted in the alpine zone of Mountain Republic of kenya in the winter of 1989–1990.[9] In Kenya's Laikipia County, a blackness leopard was photographed past a photographic camera trap in 2007; in 2018, a female person subadult blackness leopard was repeatedly recorded together with a spotted leopard virtually 50 km (31 mi) farther eastward in tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands.[10]

In India'due south Western Ghats, black leopards were sighted and photographed in 2010 and 2012 in the Kas Plateau Reserved Forest, and in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary in 2012.[xi] In 2015, a expressionless black leopard was found on a highway near Satara in Maharashtra.[12] In May 2012, a black leopard was photographed at an elevation of 4,300 thou (14,100 ft) in Nepal'due south Kanchenjunga Conservation Area.[13]

At least ane black leopard was photographed in mixed deciduous forest in Thailand'due south Kaeng Krachan National Park during a one-year-long camera trapping survey from 2003 to 2004.[14] In 2009, blackness leopards were photographed more often than spotted leopards in Kui Buri National Park.[15] Most leopards recorded at 16 sites south of the Kra Isthmus between 1996 and 2009 were blackness, indicating a near-fixation of melanism in Peninsular Malaysia.[xvi] In 2019, a black private was photographed outside a protected area in Jeli District.[17] Both blackness and spotted leopards were recorded in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in Westward Java between 2005 and 2017.[18]

Frequency of melanism appears to exist approximately eleven% over the leopard's range. Data on the distribution of leopard populations indicates that melanism occurs in five subspecies in the wild: the Indian leopard, Javan leopard, African leopard, Indochinese leopard (P. p. delacouri) and Sri Lankan leopard (P. p. kotiya). Based on records from photographic camera traps, melanistic leopards occur foremost in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests.[19]

Melanism in the leopard is conferred past a recessive allele.[20] It is idea that melanism confers a selective advantage nether certain conditions since it is more than common in regions of dense forest, where light levels are lower. Preliminary studies also suggest that melanism might be linked to benign mutations in the immune organisation.[21] The typical spots and rosettes are present but hidden due to the excess melanin.[22]

The taxonomic status of convict black leopards and the extent of hybridization between the Javan leopard and other leopard subspecies is uncertain. Therefore, coordinated convenance programs for black leopards practise not exist in European and Due north American zoos.[23] Black leopards occupy space needed for breeding endangered leopard subspecies and are not included within the Due north American Species Survival Plan.[24] [25] A blackness Amur leopard (P. p. orientalis) was exhibited at the San Diego Zoo in 2017.[26]

A pseudo-melanistic leopard has a normal background color, but the spots are more densely packed than normal, and merge to obscure the golden-brown background color. Any spots on the flanks and limbs that have not merged into the mass of swirls and stripes are unusually small and detached, rather than forming rosettes. The face and underparts are paler and dappled, similar those of ordinary spotted leopards.[27]

Jaguar [edit]

A melanistic jaguar

In 1801, Félix de Azara described a black jaguar observed past local people near the Paraná River in Paraguay.[28] In 2004, a female person blackness jaguar was recorded in Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidental.[29] In 2009, a black jaguar was photographed by a camera trap for the first fourth dimension in Costa Rica'south Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve.[thirty] In Barbilla National Park, blackness jaguars were recorded in 2013.[31] In the mountains of the Cordillera de Talamanca, 104 records of jaguars were obtained between 2010 and 2019; 26 of them showed melanistic jaguars.[32] In eastern Panama, black jaguars were repeatedly photographed in the Mamoní River Valley between 2016 and 2018, by and large in primary woods.[33] Melanism in the jaguar is caused by deletions in the melanocortin 1 receptor cistron and conferred by a dominant allele.[34]

Cougar [edit]

There is no authenticated instance of a truly melanistic cougar. No specimen has been photographed or killed in the wild, nor has it ever been bred in captivity. Unconfirmed sightings known as the "North American black panther" are currently attributed to errors in species identification by non-experts, and past the mimetic exaggeration of size.[35] [ better source needed ] [ clarification needed ]

Culture and literature [edit]

  • Rudyard Kipling's 1894 brusk story collection The Jungle Volume features the black Indian leopard Bagheera that mentors the human grapheme Mowgli.[36]
  • Cornell Woolrich's novel Blackness Excuse (1942) features a black jaguar that escapes from captivity and wreaks havoc in a Mexican boondocks.[37]
  • Walter Van Tilburg Clark'south novel Track of the Cat (1949) features a marauding cougar that is supposed to exist "the black panther" from a local legend.[38]
  • The South Adelaide Football Club adopted a black panther every bit logo in 1957.[39]
  • The NFL football social club Carolina Panthers is named after a black panther, with a logo resembling the animal.
  • The Black Panther Party features a black panther equally its icon.
  • The Penrith Panthers are named later the black panther, with a logo of the creature.
  • The Morningside Australian Football Club uses a black panther as a mascot.

See also [edit]

  • Black true cat
  • Black squirrel
  • Black tiger
  • White panther

References [edit]

  1. ^ Delamétherie, J.-C. (1788). "Description d'une Panthère noire" [Description of a black Panther]. Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts et Métiers, etc. (in French). 33: 45.
  2. ^ Meyer, F. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther [About de la Metheries black Panther]". Zoologische Annalen (in German). Vol. Erster Ring. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.
  3. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 34 (1): 307–336.
  4. ^ Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Xiv: 136–164.
  5. ^ Blanford, W. T. (1888). "Felis pardus. The Leopard or Panther". The Fauna of British Bharat, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume i. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 67–71.
  6. ^ Mason, F. (1882). "F. pardus, L. The leopard". Burma, its people and productions; or, Notes on the fauna, flora, and minerals of Tenasserim, Pegu, and Burma. Vol. 1. Geology, mineralogy, and zoology (Rewritten and enlarged by Westward. Theobald ed.). Hertford: Primary Commissioner of British Burma. p. 472.
  7. ^ Pocock, R.I. (1929). "Black panthers – an inquiry". Periodical of the Mumbai Natural History Lodge. 33 (3): 693–694.
  8. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 34 (1): 65–82.
  9. ^ Immature, T. P. & Evans, M. E. (1993). "Alpine vertebrates of Mountain Kenya, with item notes on the rock hyrax". Journal of the East African Natural History Social club. 82 (202): 54–79.
  10. ^ Pilfold, Northward.Due west.; Letoluai, A.; Ruppert, K.; Glikman, J.A.; Stacy-Dawes, J.; O'Connor, D. & Owen, Chiliad. (2019). "Confirmation of blackness leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) living in Laikipia County, Kenya". African Journal of Environmental. 57 (2): 270–273. doi:ten.1111/aje.12586. S2CID 92543492.
  11. ^ Sayyed, A. & Mahabal, A. (2013). "Records of the melanistic Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus) from Western Ghats area of Maharashtra and Karnataka, India". Journal of the Mumbai Natural History Gild. 110 (ii): 151.
  12. ^ Sayyed, A. & Mahabal, A. (2015). "Second record of melanistic leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus) from Satara, Maharashtra: a case of roadkill". Zoo's Print. 30 (five): 29.
  13. ^ Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. K. B.; Barker, J.; Dahal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, Grand. J.; Shrestha, S.; Singh, One thousand. R. (2013). "High elevation tape of a leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Expanse, Nepal". Cat News (58): 26–27.
  14. ^ Ngoprasert, D.; Lynam, A.J. & Gale, G.A. (2007). "Human disturbance affects habitat use and behaviour of Asiatic leopard "Panthera pardus" in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand". Oryx. 41 (iii): 343–351. doi:x.1017/S0030605307001102.
  15. ^ Steinmetz, R.; Seuaturien, N.; Chutipong, W. & Poonnil, B. (2009). The environmental and conservation of tigers and their prey in Kuiburi National Park, Thailand (PDF) (Report). Bangkok: WWF Thailand, Department of National Parks, Wild fauna and Found Conservation.
  16. ^ Kawanishi, Chiliad.; Sunquist, One thousand.E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A.J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Shahruddin, W.North.W.; Rayan, D.Thou.; Sharma, D.S.Chiliad. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Near fixation of melanism in panthers of the Malay Peninsula". Periodical of Zoology. 282 (iii): 201–206. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.
  17. ^ Hambali, K.; Fazli, Northward. F. Grand.; Amir, A.; Fauzi, N.; Hassin, North. H.; Abas, M. A.; Karim, M. F. A. & Sow, A. Y. (2021). "The discovery of a melanistc Leopard Panthera pardus delacouri (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) at Bukit Kudung in Jeli, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia: conservation and ecotourism". Periodical of Threatened Taxa. 13 (1): 17513–17516. doi:10.11609/jott.6060.thirteen.1.17513-17516.
  18. ^ Ario, A.; Supian; Hidayat, E.; Hidayatullah, R.; Rustiadi, A.; Gunawan, A.; Triprajawan, T.; Sopian, I.; Zatnika, R. R.; Yusup, D. K.; Hindrayani, W.; Mulyanto, A. & Iskandar, D. (2018). "Population dynamics and ecology of Javan leopard, Panthera pardus melas, in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java". Journal of Indonesian Natural History. vi (1): 6–13.
  19. ^ Da Silva L. G., Grand.; Kawanishi, Yard.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, Fifty. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, Due east. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS ONE. 12 (four): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC5381760. PMID 28379961.
  20. ^ Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance of the black grade of the leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. 41 (one): 190–197. doi:10.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.
  21. ^ Sunquist, F. (2007). "Malaysian Mystery Leopards". National Wild fauna Magazine. 45 (1).
  22. ^ Schneider, A.; David, V. A.; Johnson, W. Due east.; O'Brien, S. J.; Barsh, G. S.; Menotti-Raymond, One thousand. & Eizirik, E. (2012). "How the leopard hides its spots: ASIP mutations and melanism in wild cats". PLOS Ane. 7 (12): e50386. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750386S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050386. PMC3520955. PMID 23251368.
  23. ^ Gippoliti, S. & Meijaard, E. (2007). "Taxonomic uniqueness of the Javan Leopard; an opportunity for zoos to save it". Contributions to Zoology. 76 (1): 55–57. doi:10.1163/18759866-07601005.
  24. ^ Richardson, D. M. (2001). "A unproblematic assay of leopard (Panthera pardus) infinite within EAZA collections". In Hiddinga, B.; Brouwer, K. (eds.). EAZA Yearbook 1999/2000. Amsterdam: EAZA Executive Office. pp. 391–392.
  25. ^ Swanson, B.; Fletchall, N. & Shoemaker, A. (2003). Felid Taxon Advisory Group North American Regional Collection Plan 2003–2005. Bay Lake: Disney'due south Animal Kingdom.
  26. ^ Parham, D. (2017). "Black Dazzler". Zoonooz.
  27. ^ Risk, C. (2004). Leopards: Natural History & Conservation. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN978-0896586567.
  28. ^ Azara, F. de (1801). "Fifty'Yagouarété". Essais sur l'histoire naturelle des quadrupedes de la province du Paraguay. Vol. ane. Paris: Charles Pougens. pp. 114–132.
  29. ^ Dinets, V. & Polechla, P. J. (2005). "Start documentation of melanism in the jaguar (Panthera onca) from northern Mexico". Cat News. 42: xviii. Archived from the original on 26 September 2006.
  30. ^ Núñez, M.C. & Jiménez, E.C. (2009). "A new record of a black jaguar, Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) in Costa Rica". Brenesia. 71: 67–68.
  31. ^ Sáenz-Bolaños, C.; Montalvo, V.; Fuller, T.K. & Carrillo, Due east. (2015). "Records of black jaguars at Parque Nacional Barbilla, Costa rica". Cat News (62): 38–39.
  32. ^ Mooring, M. S.; Eppert, A. A. & Botts, R. T. (2020). "Natural Selection of Melanism in Costa Rican Jaguar and Oncilla: A Examination of Gloger'due south Rule and the Temporal Segregation Hypothesis". Tropical Conservation Science. 13: i–15. doi:x.1177/1940082920910364.
  33. ^ Yacelga, One thousand. & Craighead, Thou. (2019). "Melanistic jaguars in Panama". True cat News (70): 39–41.
  34. ^ Eizirik, Eastward.; Yuhki, Due north.; Johnson, Due west. East.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S. & O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family". Current Biology. xiii (5): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-three. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807.
  35. ^ Holbert, C. (2002). "Stranded in the Wasteland: Literary Allusion in The Sharpest Sight". Studies in American Indian Literatures. 14 (1): three. JSTOR 20737121.
  36. ^ Kipling, R. (1910). The Jungle Book (Reprinted ed.). New York: The Century Co.
  37. ^ Woolrich, C. (1982). Black Alibi. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. ISBN0-345-30707-0. OCLC 9160843.
  38. ^ Van Tilburg Clark, W. (1989). The Rail of the Cat. Mattituck, NY: Amereon. ISBN0-88411-389-2. OCLC 18533849.
  39. ^ Knuckey, C.K. (1960). History of the S Adelaide Football Guild. Adelaide: South Adelaide Football Club.

External links [edit]

  • Dash, South. (2020). "Interview: Shaaz Jung opens upwardly near the blood, sweat and years backside the viral images of a rare black panther". Business Insider Republic of india . Retrieved iv May 2021.
  • The Real Black Panther – Black Leopard Spotted in Kenya (Video). San Diego Zoo. 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021.
  • Svidraitė, J. (2020). ""I Could Look six Years for a Moment Like This": Wild fauna Photographer Waits 6 Days for a Perfect Leopard and a Blackness Panther Shot". BoredPanda.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_panther

Posted by: baileythessalky.blogspot.com

0 Response to "Is The Black Panther An Endangered Animal"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel